{"id":3638,"date":"2025-02-27T18:12:25","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T17:12:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/?p=3638"},"modified":"2026-04-01T13:35:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T11:35:18","slug":"sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/en\/dermatology-fact-sheets\/sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Chilblains (Erythema pernio or pernio)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Chilblains, also known as <strong>pernio<\/strong> or <strong>perniosis<\/strong>, is a localised inflammatory reaction of the skin caused by prolonged exposure to cold and damp conditions.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Indice<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/en\/dermatology-fact-sheets\/sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2\/#What_are_Chilblains\" >What are Chilblains<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/en\/dermatology-fact-sheets\/sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2\/#Chilblains_on_the_feet_and_hands_symptoms\" >Chilblains on the feet and hands: symptoms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/en\/dermatology-fact-sheets\/sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2\/#Why_do_chilblains_occur_Causes\" >Why do chilblains occur? Causes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/en\/dermatology-fact-sheets\/sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2\/#Diagnosis\" >Diagnosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/en\/dermatology-fact-sheets\/sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2\/#How_to_treat_chilblains_dermatological_treatments_and_remedies\" >How to treat chilblains: dermatological treatments and remedies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/dermaclub.it\/en\/dermatology-fact-sheets\/sun-allergy-or-photoallergy-2\/#Do_you_need_personalised_advice_on_chilblains\" >Do you need personalised advice on chilblains?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_Chilblains\"><\/span><b>What are Chilblains<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They appear as<\/span> <b>single or multiple erythematous-purplish lesions<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that suddenly develop on the toes, fingers, ears or tip of the nose, but sometimes also in other areas<\/span> <b>following prolonged exposure to cold and damp conditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Those most commonly affected are children and young women with a low body mass index.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chilblains_on_the_feet_and_hands_symptoms\"><\/span><b>Chilblains on the feet and hands: symptoms<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chilblains cause an unpleasant <\/span><b>burning or stinging sensation<\/b>, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sometimes accompanied by<\/span> <b>itching or a prickling sensation<\/b>, <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">due to reduced blood flow (hypoaemia) to the skin caused by constricted blood vessels.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_do_chilblains_occur_Causes\"><\/span><b>Why do chilblains occur? Causes<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"130\" data-end=\"442\">Chilblains develop as a result of an abnormal reaction of the skin to cold and damp conditions. In some people, the blood vessels in the skin are unable to adapt properly to sudden changes in temperature, causing localised damage to the skin. Here are the main factors that contribute to the development of chilblains:  <\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"1471\">\n<li data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"643\">\n<p data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"643\"><strong data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"496\">Prolonged exposure to cold and damp<\/strong><br data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"499\">This is the main cause. The cold causes the superficial blood vessels to constrict, damaging the tissues. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"645\" data-end=\"802\">\n<p data-start=\"647\" data-end=\"802\"><strong data-start=\"647\" data-end=\"680\">Microcirculation problems<\/strong><br data-start=\"680\" data-end=\"683\">In some people, peripheral circulation is impaired and fails to respond properly to sudden changes in temperature.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"958\">\n<p data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"958\"><strong data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"840\">Low body mass index<\/strong><br data-start=\"840\" data-end=\"843\">Very thin people, such as children or young women, have less natural thermal protection and are more susceptible.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"960\" data-end=\"1129\">\n<p data-start=\"962\" data-end=\"1129\"><strong data-start=\"962\" data-end=\"1002\">Genetic or family predisposition<\/strong><br data-start=\"1002\" data-end=\"1005\">Chilblains may be more common in people with a family history of the condition, probably due to inherited vascular characteristics.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1131\" data-end=\"1311\">\n<p data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1311\"><strong data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1179\">Inappropriate clothing or shoes that are too tight<\/strong><br data-start=\"1179\" data-end=\"1182\">Clothing that does not provide adequate protection against the cold or that restricts local blood circulation can make chilblains more likely to develop.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1471\">\n<p data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1471\"><strong data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1357\">Certain vascular or autoimmune conditions<\/strong><br data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1360\">In rare cases, chilblains may be a sign of more complex conditions such as lupus or Raynaud\u2019s syndrome.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diagnosis\"><\/span><b>Diagnosis<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The diagnosis is usually made on the basis<\/span> <b>of clinical observation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is characteristic of this condition. In specific cases, diagnostic tests may be carried out to assess blood circulation, or a histological examination may be performed to reveal inflammation and skin damage of vascular origin. <\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_treat_chilblains_dermatological_treatments_and_remedies\"><\/span><b>How to treat chilblains: dermatological treatments and remedies<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1540\" data-end=\"1687\">There is no universal treatment for chilblains, but it is possible to relieve the symptoms and promote recovery by following certain dermatological guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1689\" data-end=\"2880\">\n<li data-start=\"1689\" data-end=\"1908\">\n<p data-start=\"1691\" data-end=\"1908\"><strong data-start=\"1691\" data-end=\"1716\">Protection against the cold<\/strong><br data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1719\">The first step is to avoid exposure to cold temperatures, especially in damp environments. It is important to wear gloves, warm socks and comfortable shoes that do not restrict blood circulation. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1910\" data-end=\"2244\">\n<p data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"2244\"><strong data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"1952\">Application of astringent products<\/strong><br data-start=\"1952\" data-end=\"1955\">The use of an aluminium chloride gel, known for its astringent and soothing properties, can help reduce inflammation and discomfort. Applying it twice a day directly to the affected area has shown tangible benefits in various cases (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mostskincare.com\/negozio\/tutte-le-categorie\/dermasana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dermasana<\/a> by <em data-start=\"2211\" data-end=\"2228\">MOST Skincare<\/em>). <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2246\" data-end=\"2446\">\n<p data-start=\"2248\" data-end=\"2446\"><strong data-start=\"2248\" data-end=\"2280\">Soothing or warming creams<\/strong><br data-start=\"2280\" data-end=\"2283\">In some cases, rubefacient creams are used to stimulate circulation, or soothing creams to relieve itching and burning, but their effectiveness varies from person to person.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2448\" data-end=\"2679\">\n<p data-start=\"2450\" data-end=\"2679\"><strong data-start=\"2450\" data-end=\"2495\">Vasodilators (only in selected cases)<\/strong><br data-start=\"2495\" data-end=\"2498\">Some doctors prescribe vasodilator medication to improve peripheral circulation, but these should only be used under medical supervision, as they can cause side effects.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2681\" data-end=\"2880\">\n<p data-start=\"2683\" data-end=\"2880\"><strong data-start=\"2683\" data-end=\"2718\">Avoid direct sources of heat<\/strong><br data-start=\"2718\" data-end=\"2721\">Suddenly warming cold extremities (e.g. with boiling water or radiators) can make the situation worse. It is better to warm the affected areas gradually. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2882\" data-end=\"3043\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In cases of persistent, recurrent or very painful chilblains, it is always advisable to consult a dermatologist to rule out any more complex underlying conditions.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Do_you_need_personalised_advice_on_chilblains\"><\/span>Do you need personalised advice on chilblains?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"415\">Chilblains can be uncomfortable and, in some cases, difficult to manage using only home remedies. If you are experiencing persistent symptoms or would like expert advice on how best to treat and prevent them, you can request a free consultation on the <strong data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"414\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forum.dermaclub.it\/forums\/\">DermaClub Forum<\/a><\/strong>. <\/p>\n<p data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"603\">A team of dermatologists is on hand to answer your questions, help you determine whether you really do have chilblains, and recommend the products or treatments best suited to your needs.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Chilblains, also known as pernio or perniosis, is a localised inflammatory reaction of the skin caused by prolonged exposure to cold and damp conditions.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;] What<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3642,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,46],"tags":[72],"class_list":["post-3638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dermatology-fact-sheets","category-skin-disorders","tag-chilblains"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.1 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is chilblains (erythema pernio or pernio)? 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