What are the skin’s reactions to external factors?
The skin is constantly exposed to various environmental factors that can affect its health and appearance. Sun exposure is one of the most notorious factors, as ultraviolet rays can cause sunburn, erythema and, in the long term, contribute to premature aging and increased risk of skin cancer. Cold weather can also have harmful effects, leading to dryness, chilblains and, in extreme conditions, hypothermia. Chemical agents in the environment, including air pollutants and detergents, can cause contact dermatitis or irritation. Similarly, exposure to allergens can trigger allergic reactions that cause itching, redness, and skin rash. In general, it is important to understand how environmental factors affect the skin in order to take preventive measures to reduce risks related to external agents.
SOLAR BURNS
Sunburn is an acute skin reaction to excessive exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays. This form of skin damage can occur after prolonged exposure without adequate protection, especially during the middle hours of the day or in environments with reflective surfaces such as water or snow. Sunburn can vary in severity, from mild redness to more severe forms with blistering and pain.
What are the symptoms of a sunburn?
Symptoms of sunburn usually appear within a few hours of exposure and can worsen over the next few days. Mild sunburns cause redness, heat, and itching on the affected skin. In more severe cases, blisters form, the skin may swell, and pain may be intense. Other symptoms may include headache, fever, chills and fatigue, reflecting a sunburn-related form of sunstroke. Sunburns, although common, can lead to long-term consequences, such as premature aging of the skin and an increased risk of skin cancers, including melanoma. To prevent them, it is important to take preventive measures, such as wearing protective clothing and limiting exposure during peak hours.
CONTACT DERMATITIS
Contact dermatitis are inflammatory reactions of the skin caused by direct contact with irritants or allergens. These dermatitis are mainly divided into two categories: irritative contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritative contact dermatitis is more common and is caused by substances that directly damage the skin barrier, such as detergents or solvents. Allergic contact dermatitis, on the other hand, involves an immune response to specific allergens after previous sensitization.
What are the symptoms of contact dermatitis?
Symptoms of contact dermatitis vary according to individual sensitivity and type of dermatitis. Irritative contact dermatitis causes redness, itching, dryness and flaking of the skin, sometimes accompanied by small blisters or swelling. Allergic contact dermatitis can occur with a similar reaction, but it tends to be more intense, with rashes, especially blister-like, that may spread beyond the contact area and persist longer. Contact dermatitis is bothersome and can become chronic if exposure continues. Prevention is the key to avoiding them by avoiding or limiting exposure to known irritants or allergens. Wearing gloves or other protection and using suitable skin care products can help protect the skin barrier. A professional diagnosis is helpful in identifying specific triggers and developing a long-term management strategy.
COLD INJURIES
Cold injuries are skin damage caused by prolonged exposure to low temperatures. These injuries can vary in severity, from simple redness to severe injuries such as chilblains and frostbite. Chilblains, or perniomas, occur when the skin is exposed to cold, moist temperatures. Frostbite, on the other hand, is a more severe form of injury that occurs in extremely cold conditions, with freezing of skin and subcutaneous tissues.
What are the symptoms of cold injuries?
Symptoms of cold lesions differ according to severity. Chilblains cause redness, swelling, itching and a burning sensation in affected areas, which may include toes, fingers, nose and ears. In severe cases, blisters and ulceration may develop. Frostbite manifests as numbness, hardening of the skin, color change (white to bluish-gray) and loss of sensation. It can lead to tissue necrosis and requires immediate medical attention. Cold injuries are dangerous and can have lasting consequences if not treated properly. Prevention is key: it is important to wear warm, layered clothing, protect hands, feet and face with appropriate accessories, and avoid prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures. For frostbite, gradually warming the affected area and avoiding rubbing can help. For frostbite, warming should be rapid but controlled, and immediate medical attention is needed to avoid permanent damage.
SKIN AGING
Skin aging is a natural process that can be accelerated by environmental factors, such as sun exposure and pollution. This phenomenon, also known as photoaging or premature aging, is manifested by changes in the structure and appearance of the skin. Ultraviolet (UV) rays are a major cause, while other agents such as air pollutants, cigarette smoke, and extreme weather conditions can further contribute to skin deterioration.
What are the symptoms of skin aging?
Skin aging from environmental factors presents with obvious symptoms: deep wrinkles, dark spots (hyperpigmentation), and dry, rough skin with loss of elasticity. Sun-exposed areas, such as the face, neck, hands, and forearms, are often the most affected. UV rays damage collagen and elastic fibers, accelerating skin sagging. Air pollutants can aggravate inflammation and increase the formation of free radicals, which in turn cause cellular damage.